Complete reference to core java interview questions basic to advanced level : SE to Team Lead level Part - 3

v   Abstraction: Showing the essential and hiding the non-Essential is known as Abstraction.

v   Encapsulation: The Wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as Encapsulation.

     Encapsulation is the term given to the process of hiding the implementation details of the object. Once an object is encapsulated, its implementation details are not immediately accessible any more. Instead they are packaged and are only indirectly accessed via the interface of the object.

v  Inheritance: is the Process by which the Obj of one class acquires the properties of Obj’s another Class.

 A reference variable of a Super Class  can be assign to any Sub class derived from the Super class.

         Inheritance is the method of creating the new class based on already existing class , the new class derived is called Sub class which has all the features of existing class and its own, i.e sub class.

Adv: Reusability of code , accessibility of variables and methods of the Base class by the Derived class.

v   Polymorphism: The ability to take more that one form, it supports Method Overloading &  Method Overriding.

§  Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments (diff Parameters or Signatures) is said to be Method Overloading. This is Compile time Polymorphism.

  Note: Using one identifier to refer to multiple items in the same scope.

§  Method Overriding: When a method in a Class having same method name with same arguments is said to be Method overriding. This is Run time Polymorphism.

Note: Providing a different implementation of a method in a subclass of the class that originally  defined the method.

 (1). In Over loading there is a relationship between the methods available in the same class ,where as in Over riding there is relationship between the Super class method and Sub class method.

 (2). Overloading  does not block the Inheritance from the Super class , Where as in Overriding blocks Inheritance from the Super Class.

 (3). In Overloading separate methods share the same name, where as in Overriding Sub class method replaces the Super Class.

(4). Overloading  must have different method Signatures , Where as Overriding methods must have same Signatures.

Dynamic dispatch: is a mechanism by which a call to Overridden function is resolved at runtime rather than at Compile time , and this is how Java implements Run time Polymorphism.

v       Dynamic Binding: Means the code associated with the given procedure call is not known  until the time of call the call at run time. (it is associated with Inheritance &   Polymorphism).

v   Bite code: Is a optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by Java-run time system, which is called the Java Virtual machine (JVM), i.e. in its standard form, the JVM is an Interpreter for byte code.

JIT- is a compiler for Byte code, The JIT-Complier is part of the JVM, it complies byte code into executable code in real time, piece-by-piece on demand basis.

Final classes :   String, Integer , Color, Math

Abstract class :  Generic servlet, Number class

o      variable:An item of data named by an identifier.Each variable has a type,such as int or Object,andascope

o      class variable :A data item associated with a particular class as a whole--not with particular instances of the class. Class variables are defined in class definitions. Also called a static field. See also instance variable.

o      instance variable :Any item of data that is associated with a particular object. Each instance of a class has its own copy of the instance variables defined in the class. Also called a field. See also class variable.

o      local variable :A data item known within a block, but inaccessible to code outside the block. For example, any variable defined within a method is a local variable and can't be used outside the method.

o     class method :A method that is invoked without reference to a particular object. Class methods affect the class as a whole, not a particular instance of the class. Also called a static method. also instance method.

o      instance method :Any method that is invoked with respect to an instance of a class. Also called simply a method. See also class method.

v   Interface: Interfaces can be used to implement the Inheritance relationship between the non-related classes that do not belongs to the same hierarchy, i.e. any Class and any where in hierarchy.   Using Interface, you can specify what a class must do but not how it does.

Ø  A class can implement more than one Interface.

Ø  An Interface can extend one or more interfaces, by using the keyword extends.

Ø  All the data members in the interface are public, static and Final by default.

Ø  An Interface method can have only Public, default and Abstract modifiers.

Ø  An Interface is loaded in memory only when it is needed for the first time.

Ø  A Class, which implements an Interface, needs to provide the implementation of all the methods in that Interface.

Ø  If the Implementation for all the methods declared in the Interface are not provided , the class itself has to declare abstract, other wise the Class will not compile.

Ø  If a class Implements two interface and both the Intfs have identical method declaration, it is totally valid. 

Ø  If a class implements two interfaces both have identical method name and argument list, but different return types, the code will not compile.

Ø  An Interface can’t be instantiated. Intf Are designed to support dynamic method resolution at run time.

Ø  An interface can not be native, static, synchronize, final, protected or private.

Ø  The Interface fields can’t be Private or Protected.

Ø  A Transient variables and Volatile variables can not be members of  Interface.

Ø  The extends keyword should not used after the Implements keyword, the Extends must always come before the Implements keyword.

Ø  A top level Interface can not be declared as static or final.

Ø  If an Interface species an exception list for a method, then the  class implementing the interface need not declare the method with  the exception list.

Ø  If an Interface can’t specify an exception list for a method, the class can’t throw an exception.

Ø  If an Interface does not specify the exception list for a method, he class can not throw any exception list.

The general form of Interface is

Access interface name {

         return-type method-name1(parameter-list);

            type final-varname1=value;

          }

-----------------------

Marker Interfaces :  Serializable, Clonable, Remote, EventListener,

Java.lang is the Package of all classes and is automatically imported into all Java Program

Interfaces:  Clonable , Comparable, Runnable

v   Abstract Class:   Abstract classes can be used  to implement the inheritance relationship between the classes that belongs same hierarchy.

Ø   Classes and methods can be declared as abstract.

Ø   Abstract class can extend only one Class.

Ø   If a Class is declared as abstract , no instance of that class can be created.

Ø   If a method is declared as abstract, the sub class gives the implementation of that class.

Ø   Even if a single method is declared as abstract in a Class ,  the class itself  can be declared as abstract.

Ø   Abstract class have at least one abstract  method and others may be concrete.

Ø   In abstract Class the keyword abstract must be used for method.

Ø   Abstract classes have sub classes.

Ø   Combination of modifiers Final and Abstract is illegal in java.

ü   Abstract Class means - Which has more than one abstract method which doesn’t have method body but at least one of its methods need to be implemented  in derived Class.

The general form of abstract class is :     

    abstract type name (parameter list);

        The Number class in the java.lang package represents the abstract concept of numbers. It makes sense to model numbers in a program, but it doesn't make sense to create a generic number object.

§  Difference  Between Interfaces And Abstract class ?

o      All the methods declared in the Interface are Abstract, where as abstract class must have atleast one abstract method and others may be concrete.

o      In abstract class keyword abstract must be used for method, where as in Interface we need not use the keyword for methods.

o      Abstract class must have Sub class,  where as Interface can’t have sub classes.

o      An abstract class can extend only one class, where as an Interface can extend more than one.

What are access specifiers and access modifiers ?

Accesss specifiers                                             Access modifiers

Public                                                                     Public

Protected                                                                Abstract             

Private                                                                    Final   

                                                                               Static

                                                                               Volatile                  Constant     

                                                                               Synchronized

                                                                               Transient

                                                                               Native    

·       Public :  The Variables and methods can be access any where and any package.

·       Protected : The Variables and methods can be access same Class, same Package & sub class.

·       Private :  The variable and methods can be access in same class only.

Same class                                       -         Public, Protected, and Private

Same-package  & subclass                 -         Public, Protected

Same Package  & non-sub classes       -         Public, Protected

Different package  & Sub classes         -         Public, Protected

Different package  & non- sub classes  -         Public

Identifiers: are the Variables that are declared under particular Datatype.

Literals: are the values assigned to the Identifiers.

v   Static : access modifier.  Signa: Variable-Static int b; Method- static void meth(int x)

Ø   When a member is declared as Static, it can be accessed before any objects of its class are created and without reference to any object. Eg : main(),it must call before any object exit.

Ø   Static can be applied to Inner classes, Variables and Methods.

Ø   Local variables can’t be declared as static.                     

Ø   A static method can access only static Variables. and they can’t refer to this or super in any way.

Ø   Static methods can’t be abstract.

Ø   A static method may be called without creating any instance of the class.

Ø   Only one instance of static variable will exit any amount of class instances.

v   Final : access modifier

Ø All the Variables, methods and classes can be declared as Final.

Ø Classes declared as final class can’t be sub classed.

Ø Method ‘s declared as final can’t be over ridden.

Ø If a Variable is declared as final, the value contained in the Variable can’t be changed.

Ø Static final variable must be assigned in to a value in static initialized block.

v    Transient : access modifier

Ø  Transient can be applied only to class level variables.

Ø  Local variables can’t be declared as transient.

Ø  During serialization, Object’s transient variables are not serialized.

Ø  Transient variables may not be final or static. But the complies allows the declaration and no compile time error is generated.

v   Volatile: access modifier

Ø  Volatile applies to only variables.

Ø  Volatile can applied to static variables.

Ø  Volatile can not be applied to final variables.

Ø  Transient and volatile can not come together.

Ø  Volatile is used in multi-processor environments.

  

v   Native: access modifier

Ø  Native applies to only to methods.

Ø  Native can be applied to static methods also.

Ø  Native methods can not be abstract.

Ø  Native methods can throw exceptions.

Ø  Native method is like an abstract method. The implementation of the abstract class and native method exist some where else, other than the class in which the method is declared.

v   Synchronized: access modifier

Ø  Synchronized keyword can be applied to methods  or parts of the methods only.

Ø  Synchronize keyword is used to control the access to critical code in multi-threaded programming.

Declaration of access specifier and access modifiers :

Class                   -   Public,  Abstract,   Final

Inner Class       -   Public, Protected,  Private,  Final,  Static,

Anonymous      -   Public, Protected,  Private,  Static

Variable            -   Public, Protected,  Private,  Final,  Static,  Transient,  Volatile, Native

Method       -   Public, Protected,  Private,  Final,  Abstract, Static,  Native,  Synchronized

Constructor       -   Public,  Protected,  Private

Free-floating code block   -   Static,   Synchronized

v   Package : A Package is a collection of Classes Interfaces that provides a high-level layer of access protection and name space management.

v  Finalize( ) method:

Ø All the objects have Finalize() method, this method is inherited from the Object class.

Ø Finalize() is used to release the system resources other than memory(such as file handles& network connec’s.

Ø Finalize( ) is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called prior to garbage collection.

Ø Finalize() is called only once for an Object. If any exception is thrown in the finalize() the object is still eligible for garbage collection.

Ø Finalize() can be called explicitly. And can be overloaded, but only original method will be called by Ga-collect. 

Ø Finalize( ) may only be invoked once by the Garbage Collector when the Object is unreachable.

Ø The signature finalize( )  :   protected void finalize() throws Throwable {  }

v  Constructor( ) :

Ø  A constructor method is special kind of method that determines how an object is initialized when created.

Ø  Constructor has the same name as class name.

Ø  Constructor does not have return type.

Ø  Constructor cannot be over ridden and can be over loaded.

Ø  Default constructor is automatically generated by compiler if class does not have once.

Ø  If explicit constructor is there in the class the default constructor is not generated.

Ø  If a sub class has a default constructor and super class has explicit constructor the code will not compile.

v   Object : Object is a Super class for all the classes. The methods in Object class as follows.

Object clone( )                           final void notify( )          Int hashCode( )

Boolean equals( )                       final void notify( )

Void finalize( )                            String toString( )

Final Class getClass( )                 final void wait( )

v   Class : The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by the JAVA Program.

v   Character : A class whose instances can hold a single character value. This class also defines handy methods that can manipulate or inspect single-character data.

constructors and methods provided by the Character class:

Character(char)  : The Character class's only constructor, which creates a Character object containing the value provided by the argument. Once a Character object has been created, the value it contains cannot be changed.

compareTo(Character) :An instance method that compares the values held by two character objects.

equals(Object) : An instance method that compares the value held by the current object with the value held by another.

toString(): An instance method that converts the object to a string.

charValue(): An instance method that returns the value held by the character object as a primitive char value.

isUpperCase(char): A class method that determines whether a primitive char value is uppercase.

v   String:  String is Immutable and String Is a final class. The String class provides for strings whose value will not change.

      One accessor method that you can use with both strings and string buffers is the length() method, which returns the number of characters contained in the string or the string buffer.      The methods in String Class:-

toString( )                 equals( )                     indexOff( )                  LowerCase( )

charAt( )                    compareTo( )              lastIndexOff( )            UpperCase( )

getChars( )                subString( )                 trim( )

getBytes( )                concat( )                     valueOf( )

toCharArray( )           replace( )                      

ValueOf( ) : converts data from its internal formate into human readable formate.

v   String Buffer : Is Mutable , The StringBuffer class provides for strings that will be modified; you use string buffers when you know that the value of the character data will change.

      In addition to length, the StringBuffer class has a method called capacity, which returns the amount of space allocated for the string buffer rather than the amount of space used.

The methods in StringBuffer Class:-

length( ) append( )            replace( )             charAt( )  and setCharAt( )

capacity( )                          insert( )              substring( )          getChars( )

ensureCapacity( )              reverse( )

setLength( )                       delete( )

v   Wraper Classes : are the classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as Objects.

These classes are similar to primitive data types but starting with capital letter.

Number          Byte               Boolean        

Double           Short              Character

Float              Integer     

                     Long

v   primitive Datatypes in Java  :

According to Java in a Nutshell, 5th ed  boolean, byte, char, short, long float, double, int.

Float class : The Float and Double provides the methods isInfinite( ) and isNaN( ).

isInfinite( ) : returns true if the value being tested is infinetly large or small.

isNaN( )  :  returns true if the value being tested is not a number.

v   Character class : defines forDigit( ) digit( ) .

ForDigit( ) : returns the digit character associated with the value of num.

digit( )  :  returns the integer value associated with the specified character (which is presumably) according to the specified radix.

v   String Tokenizer : provide parsing process in which it identifies the delimiters provided by the user, by default delimiters are spaces, tab, new line etc., and separates them from the tokens. Tokens are those which are separated by delimiters.

v   Observable Class: Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update( ) method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state.

v   Observer interface : is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.

v   Instanceof( ): is used to check to see if an object can be cast into a specified type with out throwing a cast class exception.

v   IsInstanceof( ): determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with the object represented by this class. This method is dynamic equivalent of the Java language instanceof operator. The method returns true if the specified Object argument is non-null and can be cast to the reference type represented by this Class object without raising a ClassCastException. It returns false otherwise.

v   Garbage Collection: When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that  object. This is known as garbage collection.
System.gc() method may be used to call it explicitly and does not force the garbage collection  but only suggests that the JVM may make an effort to do the Garbage Collection.

·            this() : can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class.

·            super()  :can be used to invoke a super class constructor.

v   Inner class: classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes.  An inner class can have any accessibility including private.

v   Anonymous class: Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.

v   What is reflection API? How are they implemented

   Reflection package is used mainlyfor the purpose of getting the class name. by useing the getName method we can get name of the class for particular application. Reflection is a feature of the Java programming language. It allows an executing Java program to examine or "introspect" upon itself, and manipulate internal properties of the program.

v   What is heap in Java

         JAVA is fully Object oriented language. It has two phases first one is Compilation phase and second one is interpratation phase. The Compilation phase convert the java file to class file (byte code is only readable format of JVM) than Intepratation phase interorate the class file line by line and give the proper result.

main( ) : is the method where Java application Begins.

String args[ ] : receives any command line argument during runtime.

System : is a predefined Class that provides access to the System.

Out : is output stream connected to console.

Println :displays the output.

Downcasting:  is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e casting down the hierarchy.   Doing a cast from a base class to  more specific Class, the cast does;t convert the Object, just asserts it actually is a more specific extended Object.

Upcasting: byte can take Integer values.